Cooling agent for cold packs and food and beverage containers

ABSTRACT

Safe, stable, non-toxic and recyclable cooling agent compositions comprising solid particulate compounds undergo an endothermic process when mixed with water such that the resulting mixture is useful for cooling surfaces, liquids and solids. The mixtures include ammonium nitrate in an amount of at least 45 wt % of the mixture. Total nitrogen—containing salts exclusive of phosphates are present in an amount less than 68% by weight of the composition. A phosphate salt is also present in an amount as needed to stabilize the composition against detonation. A balance of additional salts is formulated to provide the mixture with a cooling capacity of at least 240 kJ/kg of the mixture.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. provisional patentapplication No. 62/211,606 filed Aug. 26, 2015 and is acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 14/720,593 filed May 22,2015, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/310,424filed Dec. 2, 2011 which claim priority to U.S. Patent Application61/419,097, filed Dec. 2, 2010, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference to the same extent as though fully replicatedherein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to cooling agents or compositions thatcan be used to cool surfaces, liquids and solids when activated uponmixing with water and more particularly to cooling agents that areeffective, resistant to combustion, insensitive to detonation, non-toxicand recyclable as a balanced NPK fertilizer.

2. Description of the Art

The present invention relates to compositions which produce anendothermic reaction when mixed with water, and which are non-toxic,non-explosive and can be recycled as a balanced NPK fertilizer when nolonger useful as a cooling agent. Although not so limited, the inventionhas particular utility when used as a cooling agent in therapeutic coldpacks for the treatment of sprains and injuries; for chilling ofbeverages and packaged foods; and for other applications where it isdesirable to cool surfaces, fluids or objects.

Compositions producing an endothermic effect and devices or containersthat utilize such compositions are known in the prior art. Suchcompositions typically produce their endothermic effect by eitherchemical reaction or by heat absorbing processes. Examples ofendothermic chemical reactions include: the reaction of barium hydroxideoctahydrate crystals with dry ammonium chloride with the subsequentevolution of ammonia; the reaction of thionyl chloride with cobalt(II)sulfate heptahydrate; and the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodiumcarbonate. Examples of such endothermic processes include: melting icecubes, melting solid salts, evaporating liquid water, making ananhydrous salt from a hydrate and the dissolution of salts in water.

As a general rule, compositions that undergo endothermic reactions areuseful for cooling but often utilize toxic reactants such as cobalt andbarium hydroxide or produce noxious and irritating byproducts such asammonia, or gasses that are difficult to contain and process such ascarbon dioxide. Heat-absorbing processes are thus more commonly used tocool substances compared to chemical reactions. With respect to coldpacks and beverage coolers, heat-absorbing processes based upon thedissolution of various salts in water are commonly described. Here theselection of a particular material has primarily been based upon themagnitude of its positive enthalpy of solution (heat of solution) andits solubility in water or another solvent whereby the most effectivecompositions have the highest positive heat of solution and highestsolubility.

With respect to the above, U.S. Pat. No. 1,894,775 disclosed the use ofvarious sodium, potassium and ammonium salt solutions, including sodiumacetate, ammonium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate mixed with water, toprovide therapeutic cooling in 1933. Subsequently many other patentshave disclosed the use of additional compounds along with variouswetting and gelling agents and co-solvents other than water to improvethe cooling performance of endothermic compositions when applied to coldpacks and beverages. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,472 describes achemical heat transfer unit that uses compounds selected from a groupthat includes ammonium sulfamate, potassium nitrate, ammonium bisulfate,ammonium bromide, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium iodide, ammoniummagnesium selenate, ammonium manganese sulfate, ammonium phosphatedibasic, ammonium potassium tartrate, ammonium salicylate, ammoniumsulfate, ammonium sodium sulfate, ammonium thiocyonate, ammoniumpersulfate, potassium phosphate, potassium sulfate, potassium sodiumtartrate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium iodide, potassium chloride,urea, afenil, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium nitrate, sodiumthiocyanate, sodium thiosulfate, citric acid, tartaric acid, ferricammonium sulfate and thiourea. In another example, U.S. Pat. No.4,081,256 describes an endothermic composition and cold pack wherebyurea, hydrated sodium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate,ammonium chloride, and guar gum are blended together to extend thecooling life of the cold pack. In still other examples, U.S. Pat. No.4,010,620 utilizes ammonium chloride and ammonium nitrate for maximumcooling effect; U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,945 describes an extended life coldpack that uses ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfamate, ammonium nitrite,ammonium iodide, ammonium bromide, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate,sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate,potassium nitrite, urea, methylurea, and combinations thereof; U.S. Pat.No. 5,429,762 discloses a cooling agent consisting of one or more of agroup comprised of disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate,diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and hydrates thereof; and U.S. Pat. No.4,010,620 describes a cooling system that utilizes sodium nitrate,ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, andammonium nitrate individually or in combination.

A review of the prior art reveals that, although a wide variety ofchemical compositions have been disclosed, only a select few arepreferred based upon performance as a cooling agent.

Chemical cooling agents also suffer from the stigma of being a wastefulproduct that is not easily reused or recycled. Many of the endothermiccompounds and compositions shown in Table 1 or disclosed in the priorart are classified as hazardous substances or are harmful to theenvironment if disposed in an improper or imprudent manner after they nolonger have utility as a cooling agent.

For all of the above reasons, cooling agents and compositions describedin the prior art have had limited commercial success with the possibleexception of cold pack applications. The most effective commercializedcold pack applications, however, utilize ammonium nitrate or mixtures ofammonium nitrate and urea and are susceptible to increased regulationand subject to restrictions on use, and may not be available for use inconsumer products in the future.

SUMMARY

It is a principal object of this invention to provide safe, non-toxicand recyclable cooling compositions comprising solid particulatecompounds that undergo an effective endothermic process when mixed withwater such that the resulting mixture is useful for cooling surfaces,liquids and solids. Because ammonium nitrate and urea are already incommercial use for cold pack applications but are in danger of beingrendered unmarketable because of concerns about safety and explosivity,it is also an object of the invention to provide safe and non-explosiveendothermic compositions that contain these compounds and the otherstrongly oxidizing cooling agents described herein. It is also an objectof this invention to provide endothermic compositions that can berecycled for a beneficial use as balanced NPK fertilizer when they areno longer useful as cooling agents.

Although not prescribed for various cooling agents, methods forimproving the safety of ammonium nitrate for use as a fertilizer aredescribed in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,366,468disclosed a method for manufacturing desensitized ammonium nitratehaving lowered flammability and reduced sensitivity to explosivedetonation. Here various ammonium phosphate compounds are incorporatedtogether with ammonium nitrate during process of manufacturing ammoniumnitrate fertilizer. The resultant ammonium nitrate fertilizer containing1% to 5% ammonium phosphate was de-sensitized to explosion and wasrendered non-explosive when containing more than 5% ammonium phosphate.U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,139 discloses the use of ammonium phosphatecompounds including ammonium polyphosphate as a barrier coating appliedto ammonium nitrate prills that reduces the efficacy of the prills asoxidizing agents.

The present invention combines various ammonium phosphate compounds thatare known to suppress flame formation and explosivity and act as fireretardants with the preferred and strongly oxidizing compounds describedin Table 1 such that these compounds are rendered non-explosive andresistant to combustion. Unlike the methods disclosed in the prior art,the ammonium phosphate compounds used in this invention do not have tobe incorporated with ammonium nitrate or other oxidizing agents duringthe manufacture of fertilizer or used to coat prills in order to beeffective. The selected compounds can simply be blended together to forman intimate mixture when used to prepare a cooling composition.Compositions used in this invention that contain ammonium phosphatecompounds along with strongly oxidizing endothermic compounds remainsafe and non-explosive even though blended with carbon containingcompounds that are known to form explosive mixtures with compounds suchas ammonium nitrate. This safety feature is useful for compositions thatare used in cold packs, since such cold pack products often containcarbon-based gels and thickening agents such as guar gum, xanthates andcarboxymethylcellulose.

When prepared in this manner, the ammonium phosphate compounds, andespecially ammonium polyphosphate, also improve the stability andlengthen the shelf-life of mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate.Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate are de-stabilized by acidichydrolysis of the urea to form free water which can prematurelysolubilize ammonium nitrate during storage. Ammonium polyphosphate ishydroscopic and is thought to act as a scavenger of any free water thatmight form during the storage of ammonium nitrate/urea mixtures, thuspreventing the water from dissolving ammonium nitrate. Urea is alsodestabilized by other endothermic compounds besides ammonium nitratewhen mixed together, and ammonium polyphosphate can also be an effectivestabilizer of such mixtures.

With the current social and political trends favoring sustainability andprotection of the environment, chemical products that are non-toxic andcan be reused or recycled or disposed of without contributing topollution and waste are greatly preferred over non-recyclable products.The primary emphasis in the prior art is the disclosure of endothermiccompounds that are effective cooling agents with little regard fortoxicity of the compounds or their reuse or disposal. The use of a spentcooling agent as fertilizer or plant growth regulator is sometimesmentioned but only as a secondary benefit, primarily with respect tocooling agents that utilize urea, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate,ammonium sulfate with attention paid to nitrogen-containing compoundsthat can be used as nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

In this present invention, effective endothermic compositions aredescribed that can be reused as a balanced fertilizer containingnitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) because only balancedfertilizers contain all of the essential primarily nutrients necessaryfor plant growth. Such compositions have greater residual value comparedto solutions that contain only nitrogen or only nitrogen and potassiumand are more useful to the end-user and more likely to be reused andrecycled instead of being disposed of as a waste material when no longereffective as a coolant.

Compositions in accordance with this invention thus comprise coolingagents that always include one or more compounds from a group consistingof endothermic compounds shown in Table 1 that contain potassium; one ormore compounds from a group of endothermic compounds shown in Table 1that contain nitrogen; and at least one compound from a group consistingof ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate,ammonium pyrophosphate and ammonium metaphosphate such that the compoundor mixture of compounds in this group is at least 1% by weight of thefinal composition. The compositions may also include one or morecompounds from a group comprising sodium perchlorite (NaClO₃), sodiumperchlorate (NaClO₄), sodium bromate dehydrate (NaBr.2H₂O), sodiumacetate trihydrate (NaC₂H₃O₂.3H₂O), sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), sodiumthiosulfate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O), trisodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄),and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and about 0.5 to 1% thickening agentcomprising guar gum, xanthate gum, carboxymethylcellulose, or mixturesthereof. The compositions when mixed with water at around 20° C. attaina temperature of around 10° C. or less within 60 seconds after mixingand can be recycled for use as a balanced NPK fertilizer when no longeruseful as a coolant.

According to one embodiment, a salt mixture is formulated to contain amaximum of 68% nitrogen-containing salts, such as ammonium nitrate orpotassium nitrate, where the 68% cap excludes nitrogen-containing saltsthat are phosphates. The 68% cap reduces the oxidation performance ofthe salt mixtures to acceptable levels under Test Series O.1: Test forOxidizing Solids method, as described in the United Nations'“Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Manual of Tests andCriteria, Fifth Revised Edition. The nitrogen-containing salts arepreferably nitrates. Ammonium nitrate is particularly preferred.

Where the nitrogen-containing salts are nitrates, the weight percentageof nitrogen-containing salts is suitably from 45% to 68%, morepreferably from 50% to 68%, and even more preferably from 55% to 68%.The 68% cap may be reduced to 60%, 55% or 45% with a corresponding lossof cooling capacity that, practically speaking, does not significantlyimpair cooling capacity of the salt mixture in the intended environmentsof use. As used herein, the term “dry salt mixture” includes salts thatare combined in dry form, as well as similar salts that have been mixedin water and similar salts that are rearranged in dry form once thewater is subsequently evaporated. Preferably, ammonium nitrate comprisesat least 45%, 50%, 55% or 60% by weight of the composition exclusive ofwater or other liquid.

In one aspect, a balance of salts is added to formulate the mixture in amanner imparting a cooling capacity of at least 240 kJ/kg of the mixturewhen the mixture is in dry form. Chloride salts, such as sodiumchloride, are preferred for use in the balance of salts.

In one aspect, the phosphate salt may be monobasic ammonium phosphate.

In one aspect, the ammonium nitrate is present in an amount greater than60 wt %.

In one aspect, the balance of salts includes up to 15 wt % potassiumnitrate.

In one aspect, the salt mixture further includes fumed silica in aneffective amount to prevent caking but less than 1 wt % 0 of themixture, and/or an effective amount of a coloring additive, such as bluedye, this being also less than 1 wt % of the mixture.

In one aspect, the mixture described above may be formulated to providea cooling capacity of at least one of 240 kJ·kg, 245 kJ·kg, 250 kJ/kg or255 kJ/kg.

In one aspect, a cooling system, such as an evaporative cooling system,may be improved by the use of these cooling agent compositions. Asalt-based cooling agent composition is crystalized onto an evaporativesupport. The salt material has a capacity to provide an endothermiceffect that enhances cooling when mixed with water. A means, such as amixer, sprayer or nozzle, is provided for mixing the cooling agentcomposition with water to provide the endothermic effect. A means isalso provided for recycling the salt material for recrystallization onthe evaporative support. This second means may be a controller thatgoverns operation of the mixer sprayer or nozzle to enhance thecrystallization process under the influence of flowing air.

In one aspect, the cooling agent composition may be primarily ammoniumnitrate that has been stabilized against detonation by the addition ofan effective amount of phosphate material. There may be added alsoadditional salts to form an industry recognized NPK blend, such that thecooling agent composition at the end of its use may be discarded by useas a fertilizer. Cooling agent compositions of this nature, when insubstantially complete crystalized form, may be formulated to provide atleast about 120 Btu/lb from the effects of endothermic activity whenmixed with water.

In one aspect, the cooling system may be constructed and arranged forthe cooling of a building area selected from the group consisting of ahouse, a data center, a computer room, and an industrial facility.Alternatively, the evaporative cooling may be constructed and arrangedas a cooling tower selected from the group consisting of a counterflowtower and a crossflow tower.

In one aspect, the cooling system may be constructed and arranged forspecialty uses, such as emergency use or permanent use in the cooling ofbearings on a solar wind turbine. These bearings and an associatedbraking system may otherwise overheat, especially in the event of highwinds. The cooling system may be constructed and arranged for thecooling of a solar panel, or an industrial cooling tower.

In other aspects, the cooling agent composition is provided in awearable cold pack. This may be formed as a wearable article of clothingformed with a reservoir for retention of liquid. The cooling agentcomposition including salt mixed with water provides cooling activity inthe reservoir. The wearable cold pack may be, for example, constructedand arranged as such articles a joint wrap, head wrap, neck wrap,shoulder wrap or helmet.

In another embodiment, a cooling system, such as a closed looprefrigeration system, may be improved by the use of these cooling agentcompositions. Here a concentrated salt-based cooling agent is utilizedwithin a closed loop endothermic cooling system. The salt material has acapacity to provide an endothermic effect that enhances cooling whenmixed with water. When mixed with water the concentrated cooling agentis diluted and is subsequently re-concentrated by a means, such as aforward osmosis membrane, in which water is drawn from the concentratedcooling agent by osmotic pressure generated by a draw material which isthen diluted by the water. The diluted draw material is thenre-concentrated by a means, such as an ultra-filtration membrane orrelated membrane technologies (i.e. reverse osmosis, nanofiltration,graphene, molecular seives, etc.), and the extracted water is thenrecombined with the concentrated cooling agent to provide an endothermiceffect that enhances cooling when mixed with water. The draw materialsolution selected for the forward osmosis system must have a high enoughosmolality to generate an osmotic pressure sufficiently greater than theosmotic pressure of the diluted cooling agent.

In one aspect, a salt-based cooling agent composition is crystalizedonto an evaporative support. A means, such as a mixer, sprayer ornozzle, is provided for mixing the cooling agent composition with waterto provide the endothermic effect. A means is also provided forrecycling the salt material for recrystallization on the evaporativesupport. This second means may be a controller that governs operation ofthe mixer sprayer or nozzle to enhance the crystallization process underthe influence of flowing air.

In one aspect, the cooling agent composition is provided in a closedloop refrigeration cycle whereby the cooling agent is renderedrecyclable and reusable utilizing membrane separation, molecular sievesor other suitable processes to cyclically remove water from the coolingagent and reintroduce water into the concentrated cooling agent to coolthe refrigerated fluid flowing through the system.

In one aspect, These examples show that the dry salt mixtures arerendered stable against detonation if they have at least 10 wt % of aphosphate salt, such as monobasic ammonium phosphate. The dry saltmixtures are formulated against being problematic oxidizers if theycontain a maximum of 68 wt % of nitrogen-containing salts, such asammonium nitrate and/or potassium nitrate. Thus, in combination, thesalts preferably have at least 10 wt % of a phosphate salt and 68 wt %or less of a nitrogen-containing salt.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cooler that may be used to chill beverages by theendothermic action of a cooling agent composition;

FIG. 2 is a system schematic drawing of a cooling system utilizing theendothermic action of a cooling agent composition;

FIG. 3 shows a cooling system utilizing the endothermic action of acooling agent composition according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4 shows refrigeration coils that may be used in a cooling systemsuch as that shown in the embodiment of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows solar panels that may be cooled using refrigeration coilscompatible with the embodiment of FIG. 3

FIG. 6 shows a cooling tower utilizing the endothermic action of acooling agent composition according to one embodiment;

FIG. 7 shows a cooling tower utilizing the endothermic action of acooling agent composition according to one embodiment;

FIG. 8 shows a distribution basin that may be suitably used in theembodiment of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9A is a cold pack capable of utilizing the endothermic action of acooling agent composition according to one embodiment;

FIG. 9B shows the cooling pack with water and salt constituents mixed toprovide endothermic action;

FIG. 10 shows a bicycle helmet with an internal reservoir for receipt ofa cooling agent composition according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 11 shows a closed loop endothermic refrigeration system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This is best illustrated by a review of the selected endothermiccompounds shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 SELECTED ENDOTHERMIC COMPOUNDS USEFUL FOR COOLING SURFACES,SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Predicted Heat Final Absorbed Predicted Temperature(during Change in of 255 gm dissolution Theoretical Temperature ofliquid Solubility of Change in of a exposed to (gm compound Temperaturesaturated saturated LD₅₀ solute in 100 gm of a solution solution (oral-Heat of per 100 of water at saturated exhibiting exhibiting MW rat;Solution gm water 25° C. in solution 30% heat 50% heat Solute (gm/mol)mg/kg) (kJ/mol) at 20° C.) kJ) (° C.) loss (° C.) loss (° C.) C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁342.3 29700 5.4 201.9 3.19 3 2 24 C₆H₁₂O₆ 180.16 25800 11 49 2.99 5 3 24C₆H₁₂O₆•H₂O 198.16 25800 19 49 4.70 8 5 23 CO(NH₂)₂ 60.07 8471 15 10826.97 31 22 16 KF•2(H₂O) 94.13 245 6.97 349 25.84 14 10 17 KCl 74.552600 17.22 34.2 7.90 14 10 22 KClO₃ 122.55 1870 41.38 7.3 2.46 5 4 24KClO₄ 138.54 100 51.04 1.5 0.55 1 1 25 KBr 119 3070 19.87 65.3 10.90 1611 21 KBrO₃ 106 321 41.13 6.91 2.68 6 4 24 KI 166 1862 20.33 140 17.1517 12 19 KIO₃ 214 136 27.74 4.74 0.61 1 1 25 KNO₂ 85.11 250 13.35 30648.00 28 20 17 KNO₃ 101.1 3750 34.89 31.6 10.91 20 14 21 K₂S₂O₃•5H₂O360.32 802 47 205 26.74 21 15 16 KCN 65.12 5 11.72 71.6 12.89 18 13 21KCNO 81.12 841 20.25 75 18.72 26 18 19 KCNS 97.18 854 24.23 224 55.85 4129 7 KMnO₄ 158.04 1090 43.56 6.3 1.74 4 3 24 K₂SO₄ 174.25 6600 23.8 11.11.52 3 2 25 NaF 41.99 52 0.91 4.13 0.09 0 0 25 NaCl 58.44 3000 3.88 35923.84 12 9 17 NaClO₂ 90.44 165 0.33 39 0.14 0 0 25 NaClO₂•3H₂O 144.44165 28.58 39 7.72 13 9 22 NaClO₃ 106.44 1200 21.72 101 20.61 25 17 18NaClO₄ 122.44 2100 13.88 201 22.79 18 13 18 NaClO₂•H₂O 140.44 2100 22.51201 32.22 26 18 14 NaBr•2H₂O 138.89 3500 18.64 90.5 12.15 15 11 21NaBrO₃ 150.89 301 26.9 37.4 6.67 12 8 23 NaI•2H₂O 185.89 4340 16.13 18415.97 13 9 20 NaIO₃ 197.89 180 20.29 9.47 0.97 2 1 25 NaNO₂ 68 180 13.8980.8 16.50 22 15 20 NaNO₃ 84.99 3236 20.5 87.6 21.13 27 19 18NaC₂H₃O₂•3H₂O 136.08 3530 19.66 85 12.28 16 11 21 Na₂S₂O₃•5H₂O 248.172300 47.4 79 15.09 20 14 20 NaCN 49 6 1.21 58 1.43 2 2 25 NaCN•2H₂O 85 618.58 82 17.92 24 16 19 NaCNO 65.01 5 19.2 110 32.49 37 26 14 NaCNS81.05 764 6.83 139 11.71 12 8 21 Na₃PO₄ 163.94 7400 15.9 8.8 0.85 2 1 25NaHCO₃ 83.99 4220 16.7 7.8 1.55 3 2 24 NH₄Cl 53.49 1650 14.78 29.7 8.2115 11 22 NH₄ClO₄ 117.49 100 33.47 20.8 5.93 12 8 23 NH₄Br 97.94 270016.78 78.3 13.42 18 13 21 NH₄I 144.94 76 13.72 172 16.28 14 10 20 NH₄IO₃192.94 500 31.8 182 30.00 25 18 15 NH₄NO₂ 64.04 57 19.25 150 45.09 43 3010 NH₄NO₃ 80.06 2217 25.69 150 48.13 46 32 9 NH₄CN 44.06 525 17.57 6023.93 36 25 17 NH₄CNS 76.12 954 22.58 144 42.72 42 29 11 (NH₄)₃PO₄ 1493000 14.45 37.7 3.66 6 4 24 CH₃NH₃Cl 67.52 1600 5.77 30.6 2.61 5 3 24AgClO₄ 207.32 Toxic 7.38 557 19.83 7 5 18 AgNO₂ 153.87 Toxic 36.94 4.21.01 2 2 25 AgNO₃ 169.87 Toxic 22.59 257 34.18 23 16 14 RbClO₄ 184.923310 56.74 1.3 0.40 1 1 25 RbNO₃ 147.47 4625 36.48 44.28 10.95 18 13 21CsClO₄ 232.36 3310 55.44 1.97 0.47 1 1 25 CsNO₃ 194.91 1200 40 9.16 1.884 3 24 BaCl₂•2H₂O 244.27 118 20.58 31 2.61 5 3 24 MgSO4•7H2O 246.36 284016.11 255 16.67 11 8 20

In Table 1, the selected endothermic compounds (solutes) are classifiedwith respect to their toxicity, heat of solution and solubility inwater. Toxicity is measured by the oral rat LD₅₀ value for a compoundtaken from various toxicological databases or from the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS) for the compound or from other indicators of toxicityif LD₅₀ data isn't available. Compounds with an LD₅₀ above 1000 arepreferred for applications where there is a potential for human andenvironmental exposure. Heat of solution values are taken from CRCHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Ed. Solubility values are takenfrom the Solubility Database shown on the International Union of Pureand Applied Chemistry/National Institute of Standards and Technologywebsite.

An endothermic process absorbs heat from the environment during thedissolution of the compound in water. The theoretical heat absorbedduring the dissolution of compound in 100 gm of water at 25° C. in kJcan be calculated from the following equations using the data in thetable:

[H _(Sol)]*[moles of solute]=[mass of solution]*C _(p) *[T ₁ −T ₂]  1.

-   -   where H_(Sol) is in kJ/Mol    -   mass of solution refers to the mass of a saturated solution in        100 gm of water    -   C_(p) is assumed to be 4.184 J/g ° C.    -   T₁ is 20° C.    -   T₂ is the final temperature of the saturated solution

Δq=heat absorbed=[mass of solution]*4.184*[T ₁ −T ₂]  2.

The theoretical heat absorbed and the final theoretical temperature ofthe saturated endothermic solutions are shown in the table.

This data was then used to predict the cooling effect of saturatedsolutions of the various endothermic compounds upon a typical beveragecontainer having a volume of around 12 ounces. For a reference,approximately 60 grams of 200 mesh ammonium nitrate was thoroughly mixedwith approximately 50 grams of water in an un-insulated 100 ml sealedcontainer which was then placed in a larger sealed un-insulatedcontainer having a volume of around 360 ml that contained around 255 mlof water. The larger sealed container had approximately the samedimensions and surface area as a typical 12 ounce beverage can. Afteraround 30 seconds, the temperature of the saturated solution in the 100ml container attained −7° C. from an initial temperature of 25° C. andafter around 3 minutes the temperature of the water in the 360 mlcontainer attained around 9° C. from an initial temperature of 25° C.This reference test indicated that the theoretical change in temperatureof a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate was approximately 30% morethan the measured change in temperature due to heat losses from the 100ml container while the container was being mixed prior to placing it inthe 360 ml container that contained the water. A similar calculationshowed that heat losses from the un-insulated 360 ml container wasaround 50%. The heat loss factors were then used to determine thepredicted temperature changes shown in the table for the varioussaturated salt solutions and for a 360 ml container filled with 255 mlof liquid exposed to the various saturated salt solutions. The predictedresults were then used to rate the performance of the selectedendothermic compounds in terms of their performance as a cooling agent.

The compounds predicted in the table to be most useful as cooling agentsshould show at least a 10° C. reduction in temperature when dissolved inwater and include urea (CO(NH₂)₂), potassium fluoride dihydrate(KF.2(H₂O), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr), potassiumiodide (KI), potassium nitrite (KNO₂), potassium nitrate (KNO₃),potassium thiosulfate pentahydrate (K₂S₂O₃.5H₂O), potassium cyanide(KCN), potassium cyanate (KCNO), potassium thiocyanide (KCNS), sodiumperchlorite (NaClO₃), sodium perchlorate (NaClO₃), sodium perchloritedihydrate (NaClO₂.H₂O), sodium bromide dihydrate (NaBr.2H₂O), sodiumnitrite (NaNO₂), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), sodium acetate trihydrate(NaC₂H₃O₂.3H₂O), sodium thio sulfate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O), sodiumcyanide dihydrate (NaCN.2H₂O), sodium cyanate (NaCNO), ammonium chloride(NH₄Cl), ammonium bromide (NH₄Br), ammonium iodide (NH₄I), ammoniumiodate (NH₄IO₃), ammonium nitrite (NH₄NO₂), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃),ammonium cyanide (NH₄CN), ammonium thiocyanide (NH₄CNS), silver nitrate(AgNO₃) and rubidium nitrate (RbNO₃).

Of this group, potassium fluoride dehydrate, potassium nitrite,potassium thiosulfate pentahydrate, potassium cyanide, potassiumcyanate, potassium thiocyanide, sodium nitrite, sodium cyanidedihydrate, sodium cyanate, ammonium iodide, ammonium iodate, ammoniumnitrite, ammonium cyanide, ammonium thiocyanide, and silver nitrate haveLD₅₀ values below 1000 or are toxic and are less than desirable for usein a consumer-oriented product such as a cold pack or beverage coolant.Potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate, sodium perchlorite, sodiumperchlorate, sodium perchlorite dihydrate, sodium nitrite, sodiumnitrate, ammonium nitrite and ammonium nitrate are all strong oxidizingagents and thus are reactive and have a tendency to promote combustionor are unstable during storage. Urea is also described as being unstablewhen mixed or blended with a wide variety of other endothermic compoundsincluding ammonium nitrate, and blends of urea and other compounds thatare described in the prior art as having synergistic coolant propertiesare rendered ineffective by a reduced shelf-life. Potassium nitrite,potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrite and ammonium nitrateare also capable of detonation and explosion, with ammonium nitratehaving a particularly bad reputation as the explosive of choice forweapons of terror even though it is one of the most effective coolingagents disclosed in Table 1 and in the prior art. Mixtures of ammoniumnitrate and urea are also commonly formulated together to make powerfulcommercial explosives.

A preferred composition within the broad ranges set forth above, whichexhibits an optimum combination of properties, consists essentially ofcompounds or blends of compounds: (1) such that the mixture containsnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); (2) such that the mixtureshows at least a 14° C. drop in temperature when mixed with water; and(3) that are non-toxic or have an LD₅₀ greater than 1000. In one aspect,the preferred composition is thus selected from a group consisting ofurea, potassium nitrate, potassium thiosulfate pentahydrate, sodiumnitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate ammonium polyphosphate,and combinations thereof. In parts by weight, the preferred compositioncontains about 50 to 95 parts ammonium nitrate; about 0 to 50 partsurea; about 0 to 50 parts sodium nitrate; about 4 to 30 parts potassiumnitrate or potassium thiosulfate pentahydrate; and between 1 and 10parts ammonium phosphate or ammonium polyphosphate. Preferably about 90parts by weight water are added to this composition to initiate theendothermic reaction.

Although the particle size of the various components of the compositioncan vary depending upon the application, the components must be blendedtogether to create an intimate mixture whereby the particles of ammoniumphosphate or polyphosphate are in very close contact or proximity to theparticles of urea, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate and ammoniumnitrate. To that end, the components of the composition are typicallyco-milled together to create an intimate mix having an average particlesize of at least 100 mesh and preferably greater than 200 mesh.

For example, a cooling agent composition that is useful for cold packscontains 50 parts ammonium nitrate, 40 parts urea, 4 parts potassiumnitrate, 5 parts ammonium polyphosphate and around 1 part guar gum orxanthate powder added as a thickening agent. The mixture of componentsis co-milled to form a 100 mesh powder that when mixed with around 90parts water is effective to reduce the temperature of the mixture byaround 20° C. within 120 seconds after dissolution of the components andcan maintain cooling of a surface for at least 15 minutes. Thedry-milled cooling agent composition is stable, non-toxic, non-explosiveand safe to use as a consumer product. The saturated solution containingthe cooling agent composition forms a balanced NPK liquid fertilizerhaving an NPK ratio of 42-1.4-1.6.

As another example, a cooling agent composition that is useful forchilling canned or bottled beverages contains 90 parts ammonium nitrate,5 parts potassium nitrate and 5 parts ammonium phosphate. The mixture ofcomponents is co-milled to form a 200 plus mesh powder that when mixedwith around 90 parts water is effective to reduce the temperature of themixture by around 30° C. within 60 seconds after dissolution of thecomponents and can be used to rapidly cool a beverage where rapidity ofcooling is more important than maintaining a cooling effect. Thedry-milled cooling agent composition is non-toxic, non-explosive andsafe to use as a consumer product. The saturated solution containing thecooling agent composition forms a balanced NPK liquid fertilizer havingan NPK ratio of 32-1.4-2.

The cooling agent composition described above may be used in a varietyof applications. In one aspect, FIG. 1 shows a cooler 100 with aplurality of open cylinders 102, 104, 106 for receipt of a beverage,such as beverage 108. Wall 110 is shown with a breakaway section forpurposes of illustration to reveal an interior chamber 112 enclosed byshell 114. The shell 114 is preferably made of a waterproof insulatingmaterial, such as Styrofoam or plastic encased styrofoam. As shown inFIG. 1, water 116 is being poured through opening 118 for mixing withthe cooling agent composition. The mixture is rising to level 120 andwill eventually cover the exterior surface of cylinder sleeve 122. Thecylinder sleeve 122 may be made, for example, out of plastic that ismore conductive to heat than is the shell 114, because it is desirableto enhance heat transfer for purposes of cooling beverages.

It will be appreciated that cooler 100 is shown as a beverage cooler,but the cylinders 102, 104, 106 may be made with changed dimensionscomplementary to any number of other items that may require cooling incircumstances, for example, where there may be a lack of refrigeration.The cooler as shown may therefore, be adapted to cool blood, bloodplasma, dialysis materials, vaccines, organs for transplant, or foodproducts such as milk or ice cream. The cooler 100 may even be formed asa coolant reservoir for an ice cream maker, or as a slushie or daiquirimaker.

FIG. 2 shows a cooling system 200 that may be used in applicationsincluding food service, commercial refrigeration, chillers for use inmachinery or plants, dialysis and medical equipment, dehumidifiers,computers, data centers, or air conditioning units. Valves 202, 204 maybe used for selective isolation of corresponding salt water reservoirs206, 208 on lines 210, 212. Flow through line 214 communicates saltwater to membrane filter 216. The membrane filter 216 may be, forexample, a Perforene™ filter as produced by Lockheed Martin. This typeof filter is capable of separating salts from water in theabove-described cooling agent composition for remixing that is later tooccur. The membrane filter 216 may include, for example, a perforatedgraphene sheet supported by a backing sheet 220. In the arrangementshown, deionized water 222 passes through the membrane filter 216 andinto line 224. Salt concentrates exit through line 226 under control ofvalve 228. The salt concentrates may be optionally subjected to a dryingunit 230 for more complete drying. This drying unit may be, for example,solar powered, an open air system or one that undergoes the applicationof heat energy from hydrocarbon fuels. The finished salt concentrates232 may be conveyed to cooler 234, which is used for purposes describedabove, then with recycle through line 236 for resupply of salt water 206in a closed process loop. Alternatively, the recycle may be supplied assalt water 208.

FIG. 3 shows a forced air cooling system 300, which is formed of arefrigeration unit 302, an evaporative cooling unit 304, and an optionaldehumidifier unit 306. A mixer 308 blends a crystalized form of thecooling agent composition 310 with water provided from the dehumidifierunit 306, as described in more detail below. The mixture providesendothermic action where, for example, the crystalized cooling agentcomposition may provide cooling to the effect of 130 Btu/lb when mixedwith water, or another level of cooling depending upon the selectedsalts. Mixer 308 provides the liquid coolant n mixture to coolant basin314. A circulating pump 316 circulates the cold liquid mixture fromcoolant basin 314 through refrigeration coils 318 and then into theevaporative cooling unit 304 through return line 320. A fan 322circulates air from chamber 324 through coils 318 for provision of coolair 326 to the refrigeration unit 302.

The return line 320 discharges 328 onto an evaporative support, such asan evaporative cooling pad 330. Fan 332 pulls air 334 across theevaporative cooling pad 330. The evaporative cooling pad 330 is sized tocrystallize salts in the water (or other solvent) from discharge 328.The crystallization may be partial or substantially complete. Where, forexample, the dried salt composition applied to mixer 308 provides anendothermic effect of 130 Btu/lb, the crystallization on evaporative pad330 now provides the opposite effect in the amount of 130/lb. This iscompensated by the evaporative cooling effect of water volatilizing onthe evaporative cooling pad 330. The enthalpy of vaporization of waterprovides about 970 Btu/lb of water, which overwhelms the heating effectas the salt crystalizes.

Salts crystallizing on the evaporative cooling pad 330 will eventuallyclog the pad to impede the flow of air 334 into chamber 324.Periodically then, at time intervals as needed to avoid such clogging,deionized water from a second discharge 335 may be used to clean theevaporative cooling pad 330. A mechanical actuator, such as a roller(not depicted), may be used to enhance solvolysis and/or dislodgement ofcrystalline salts from the evaporative cooling pad 330. Alternatively, asonication device (not depicted), may be used to enhance solvolysisand/or dislodgement of crystalline salts from the evaporative coolingpad 330.

The materials released from the evaporative cooling pad and associatedwater fall as salt material 310 into coolant basin 314 of therefrigeration unit 302.

The air 314 in chamber 324 is accordingly cooled and the water contentof air 314 is increased by the evaporation process. This cool moist airenters dehumidifier 306. As is known in the art, dehumidifiers mayoperate on a variety of principles. By way of example, these includemechanical or refrigerative dehumidifiers that drawn air over arefrigerated coil, Peltier heat pumps, adsorption desiccants, and ionicmembranes. A preferred form of dehumidifier 306, according to oneembodiment, is a membrane compressed air dryer, such as may be purchasedon commercial order and the HMD™ or HMM Sweepsaver™ products fromSPX/Hankinson International of Ocala Fla. In this type of system, as isknown in the art, compressed air may be filtered through a coalescingfilter to remove piqued water droplets. The air then passes internallythrough a system of hollow fibers in one or more membrane bundles.Simultaneously, a portion of dried air is directed over the exteriorsurfaces of the fibers. To sweep water vapor that has penetrated thefiber membrane. The sweep air absorbs water from the membrane and may bedischarged from the system. Alternatively, as depicted in FIG. 3, waterdrips from the external surfaces and is collected for discharge throughrecycle line 336. Cool dry air blows through vent 340 and may be used,for example, to cool a house, a data center, a computer room, anoperating room, vending machine, or a manufacturing facility. Thedehumidifier unit 306 is optional because it will not be necessary ordesirable in all instances to dehumidify the air exiting chamber 324.

The parts of forced air cooling system 300 may be constructed forapplication-specific uses. By way of example, the refrigeration coils318 may be specially constructed for niche applications, for example, asshown in FIG. 4. Coils 400 are specially constructed to fit around thebearings of a wind turbine generator. The coils may also have aflattened configuration for use in cooling solar panels 500. In thesolar panel application, the excess solar heat advantageously assists indrying salts of the cooling agent composition.

FIG. 6 is a midsectional view of a counterflow cooling system 600 thatmay be used as an industrial cooling tower. Dry air 602 enters thesystem as pulled by fan 604. The dry air 602 passes through a fillmaterial 606 that is wet by the action of spray nozzles 608, 610. Thisconverts the dry air 602 into warm moist air 612. Excess liquid fromspray nozzles 608, 610 collects in basin 614 after passing through thefill material 606, having been chilled by the action of waterevaporating in the fill material. This liquid is applied to a coolinguse 616, such as the cooling of a building, a nuclear reactor, or anelectrical generation plant.

The cooling effect is enhanced by use of the cooling agent compositionas described above. The cooling agent is contained in the wateremanating from nozzles 608, 610. The spray pattern onto fill material606 is divided into zones, such as zones A, B, C, D and E. Each zone isallocated a corresponding water source, such as nozzle 610 is allocatedto zone A. The nozzles for each zone are selectively activated, forexample, under the direction of controller 618, by providing periodicspray bursts or continuous low volume spray, to facilitate drying of thecooling agent composition with resultant salt crystallization on thefill material 606. Then the nozzles may be activated to flush one ormore zones to achieve endothermic action by solvolysis of thecrystallized salt material. This reduces the temperature of water orother liquid that is collected in the collection basin 614 and appliedto cooling use 616. The manner of operation directed by controller 618may be determined, for example, according to a multivariate correlationrelating temperature, air moisture content, salt content, type of salt,time of application, and air flow rate to a desired level ofcrystallization as determined by empirical data in the intendedenvironment of use. Not all of these variables will be necessary forthis correlation, but a plurality of these variables is preferred. Othermodels relating these variables, such as a neural network or adaptivefilter may also be used.

FIG. 7 is a midsectional view of a crossflow cooling system 700. In thissystem, hot water 702 enters a distribution basin 704 that controlsdistribution of water to fill material 706. Fan 708 pulls dry airexternal across the fill material 706, which is wet with water from thedistribution basin 704. This provides evaporative cooling of the water,which passes through fill material 710 under the influence of gravityinto collection basin and is delivered to cooling use 714.

The cooling effect is enhanced by use of the cooling agent compositionas described above. The cooling agent is contained in the wateremanating from distribution basin 704. As shown in FIG. 8, thedistribution basin 704 includes a reservoir 800 for collecting hotwater. The reservoir 800 is drained by selective activation of valves802, 804, 086, 808, which are electronically opened and closed asdetermined by controller 810. As above, each valve is allocated to acorresponding zone (not depicted) located in the filler material 706beneath the distribution basin 704. The manner of delivery facilitatesdrying of cooling agent composition in the water with resultant saltcrystallization on the fill material 704. Then respective valves of thedistribution basin may be activated to flush one or more zones toachieve endothermic action by solvolysis of the crystallized saltmaterial. This reduces the temperature of water or other liquid that iscollected in the collection basin 712 and applied to cooling use 714.

The manner of operation directed by controller 810 may be determined,for example, according to a multivariate correlation relatingtemperature, air moisture content, salt content, type of salt, time ofapplication, and air flow rate to a desired level of crystallization asdetermined by empirical data in the intended environment of use. Not allof these variables will be necessary for this correlation, but aplurality of these variables is preferred. Other models relating thesevariables, such as a neural network or adaptive filter may also be used.

FIG. 9A shows a cold pack 900 formed of thermosealed plastic 902 thatdefines a water pouch 904 and a salt pouch 906. The salt material withinsalt pouch 906 is a cooling agent composition as described above. Adivider 908 separates the water pouch 904 from the salt pouch 906. Thedivider 908 forms a comparatively weak seal as compared to a perioralseal, such as by being thinner and so also weaker. Either water pouch904 or salt pouch 906 may be manually squeezed to rupture the divider908 for mixing of water and salt. FIG. 9B shows the cold pack 900 afteractivation in this manner, with mixture 910 providing an endothermicreaction for cooling purposes. This cold pack may be used for medicalapplications, or in the cooling of food and beverage products.

It will be appreciated that cooling is a function of variables includingtime. Thus, if salts of the cooling agent composition dissolve tooslowly over time, the net cooling effect upon a target object may not beas great as it could be if the salts were to dissolve all at once. Ithas been discovered that the salt materials dissolve more quickly if aminor amount of water is present with the crystalized salt material.Thus for example, for 1% to 5% by weight of water may be premixed withthe salt material to speed solvolysis upon the further addition ofwater. The amount of water is preferably from 2% to 3% by weight. Thus,the salt material in pouch 906 may have the consistency of a wet sandmaterial. The premix with water does reduce somewhat the endothermiccapacity of the salt material, but in many applications results ingreater effective cooling by increasing the speed of solvolysis.

The cold pack 900 is not limited to the shape shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.This structure may be fashioned into a joint wrap, such as a knee orankle wrap, a head wrap, neck wrap, or shoulder wrap. These devices maybe constructed of hollow materials to provide an integral reservoir forretention of the cooling agent composition when mixed as a liquid or,alternatively, the cold pack 900 may be placed into a pouch within thesearticles of clothing. By way of example, FIG. 10 shows a bicycle helmet1000 with a pouch 1002 for receipt of cold pack 900. The cold pack 900does not require divider 908 and may be made to accept the cooling agentcomposition in crystallized form to which water may be added and sealedfor retention by use of a threaded cap or other closure. The location ofpouch 1002 is a the back of the neck, but other locations may be used,such as any contact point that may protect the skull in the manner of awater helmet. Bicycle helmets of the prior art are usually filled withstyrofoam materials, as is well known, but accordant to the presentinstrumentalities the styrofoam is replaced with a bladder for retentionof a cooling agent composition that is selectively mixed with water tocool the head while cycling.

Again, as to any of the foregoing embodiments, the cooling agentcomposition may be provided as a fertilizer blend with NPK content foran intended purpose. Thus, if the salt of the cooling agent compositionneeds renewal, it is a simple matter to dispose of the old salts byusing them as a fertilizer, such as a spray fertilizer. A particularlypreferred form of the cooling agent composition for many such uses isammonium nitrate that has been stabilized against detonation by theaddition of phosphate material, such as from 3% to 8% by weightphosphate. To this may be added additional salts to provide a desiredNPK blend, such as a 14-7-7 or 12-12-12 blend. However, it is desirableto keep the ammonium nitrate content high, for example, as more than 50%or more than 80% of the composition by weight due to the excellentendothermic capacity of ammonium nitrate, together with the relativelylow toxicity of this material.

As shown by the instrumentalities discussed above, various products maybe made incorporating a reservoir that contains salt material forcooling action by the addition of water. These products may include, forexample, self-cooling cans or bottles; multi-pack beverage holders;medical instant cold packs; instant cold coolers with evaporative re-useof the salt; ice cream makers; bottle inserts; kegs; evaporative coolingunits; fishing trays; just-add-water cold packs; closed-looprefrigeration; instant slushy makers; flexible sports medical inserts;cold therapy with compression binding; vaccine/cold chain packs;personal cooling neck wrap; personal cooling vest; personal cooling withcold fluid circulation for race car drivers or hazmat suits and thelike; medical emergency cooling for—IV, body temp, head trauma, heatexhaustion and the like; phase change material such as material thatchanges phase at −17° F., 0° F., or 28° F.; data centers, brewerycooling with evaporative salt recycle; wind turbines or other criticalequipment with difficult to reach areas in need of cooling; solar panelscooling; aluminum forms for pouring and curing of concrete; food andbeverage serving trays, bowls, mats, pitchers and the like; koozies forcans or bottles; cold cushions or pads for use in pools, sunbathing,wheelchairs, stadiums or other outdoor seating; boxed wine with instantcooling and equipped for evaporative reuse for second pour; trauma coldwraps for knees, leg, vest, blanket; emergency facility cooling; bikehelmet with comfort and/or emergency cooling; boot or shoe coolinginserts; shipping containers; rural or remote community coolers; coolantregeneration-crystallization setup; ice cream or smoothie in a cup;keeping ice cream colder for longer periods of time, building cooling;vaccine storage with evaporative recycle to provide perpetual coolingwith no power source; and zero power cooler.

FIG. 11 shows a closed loop endothermic cooling system 1100 based uponthe use of an endothermic cooling agent 1102, which may be a dry salt orsalt concentrate salt solution as described above. The endothermiccooling agent 1102 is mixed with recycled water 1104 in mixing chamber1106 and immediately supplied heat exchanger 1108, which may be forexample refrigeration coils such as the coils of a refrigerator or othercooler, or the coils of an air conditioning unit. This mixing with water1104 activates the cooling agent 1102 to enhance the cooling effect ofrefrigeration coils 1108 due to endothermic action of the cooling agentwhen mixed with water. The spent cooling agent 1110 exits refrigerationcoils 1108 and passes to a forward osmosis (FO) membrane 1112, whichprovides two outputs, namely: (1) the dry salt or salt concentrate 1102,and (2) a more dilute liquid stream including brine 1114 toultrafiltration (UF) membrane 1116. The UF membrane may alternativelyutilize, for example, a related membrane technology such as reverseosmosis, nanofiltration, graphene, or molecular sieve where feasible.These technologies suitably operate where osmolality of the drawsolution selected for FO processing is sufficiently high so as togenerate an osmotic pressure sufficiently greater than the osmoticpressure of the coolant. The UF membrane 1116 provides two outputs,namely: (1) recovered/recycle water 1104 for use in the mixing chamber1106 and, and (2) a dendrimer or draw solution 1118 for submission tothe FO membrane 1112.

The system 1100 may be provided for any cooling purpose described aboveincluding, without limitation, use in cooling a house, a data center, acomputer room, an industrial facility, a counterflow tower, a crossflowtower. bearings of a wind turbine, a solar panel, vaccines, beverages,and medicines.

Use of the system 1100 provides significant energy savings overcomparable cooling units known to the prior art. By way of example, arefrigeration peak pull down capacity 600 W and operating capacity of500 W determined as cooling capacity in a system 1100 as shown isapproximately equivalent to a 2,050 Btu/hr refrigeration unit, basedupon a ton of refrigerant being equivalent to the energy required tomelt 2,000 lbs of ice in 24 hours. Moreover, the mixing and activationcoolant period or cycle of system 1100 based upon 1.1 lb of dry saltmixture and 2.1 lb coolant when mixed with recycle water is around 40seconds to maintain an average cooler temperature of 3.5° C. (37.4° F.).This assumes that the respective components of system 1100 are sized toprovide ninety mixing and activation cycles per hour to maintain thedesired coolant temperature.

Working Examples

The following discussion teaches by way of example, and not bylimitation. These examples show that the dry salt mixtures are renderedstable against detonation if they have at least 10 wt % of a phosphatesalt, such as monobasic ammonium phosphate. The dry salt mixtures areformulated against being problematic oxidizers if they contain a maximumof 68 wt % of nitrogen-containing salts, such as ammonium nitrate and/orpotassium nitrate. Thus, in combination, the salts preferably have atleast 10 wt % of a phosphate salt and 68 wt % or less of anitrogen-containing salt.

Inclusion of 10 wt % phosphate materials, while being useful forpurposes of stabilizing the salt mixtures at issue against ANFO-typedetonation, are not a panacea for other issues. Even with the phosphatematerials being included, the dry salt mixtures may still be classifiedas strong oxidizers and, in particular, oxidizer s that are sufficientlystrong to invoke unfavorable regulatory compliance issues. By way ofexample, a particularly preferred salt mixture was prepared by combiningthe following ingredients, which are expressed as weight percentages ofthe total dry salt mixture:

51.00% by weight ammonium nitrate;

33.70% ammonium phosphate, monobasic;

15.00% potassium nitrate;

0.15% silicon dioxide as fumed silica

0.15% food color, blue powder

The dry salt mixture was subjected to oxidation tests according to thestandard set forth in Test Series O.1: Test for Oxidizing Solids method,as described in the United Nations' “Recommendations on the Transport ofDangerous Goods Manual of Tests and Criteria, Fifth Revised Edition.” Asspecified in the test method, the powder was sieved, with only the minus500 micron (−35 mesh sieve fraction) material being used in the testing.The powder was mixed with dried fibrous cellulose (with the particlesize specification spelled-out in the test method) in 30 gram samples atmass ratios of 1:1 and 4:1 powder to cellulose. As specified in the testmethod, the 30 gram batches of cellulose/powder were loaded into a 60°glass funnel, sealed at the narrow end, with an internal diameter of 70mm. A cardboard lid was placed on top of the funnel, to allow it to beinverted without spilling any of its contents. The inverted funnel wasplaced on top of a properly shaped resistance wire (as specified in thetest method), which was lying flat on a low heat conducting ceramicplate. The cardboard was slid out from under the sample, thereby forminga truncated conical pile of material. With the test set-up positioned ina suitable fume cupboard, power was applied to the resistance wire (15volts DC, producing 10 amps of current for a power output of 150 watts).A lab timer was used to measure the time required for the sample toignite and burn to completion, with power being applied throughout thetest. If the sample did not ignite, the heating was continued for 3minutes, and then the test was concluded. As specified in the testmethod, a sample of dried/sieved reagent grade potassium bromate wasused as the solid oxidizer standard. It was mixed with the driedcellulose at a 3:7 ratio (mass ratio of potassium bromate to cellulose),and tested for its burning time using the same test procedure asdescribed above. The average burning times of the variouspowder/cellulose mixtures were then compared to the average burning timeof the 3:7 potassium bromate/cellulose mixture.

The material studied would have been classified as a Class 5.1 Oxidizerfor transportation purposes if the powder exhibited a slower burningtime when mixed at a 1:1 ratio with cellulose than did a comparativestandard made of a 3:7 potassium bromate/cellulose mixture. In thistest, the powder exhibited a slower burning time when mixed at a 1:1ratio with cellulose than did a comparative standard made of a 3:7potassium bromate/cellulose mixture. Therefore, according to the UN testcriteria, the powder was not considered to be a strong oxidizer of thetype classified in Division 5.1, and so the material “Passed” theoxidation tests.

The dry salt mixture was also subjected to detonation testing. Thesetests was conducted to evaluate the comparative sensitivity of the saltas an explosive mixture. As a control, in order to oxygen balance a pureground ammonium nitrate (AN) baseline powder, it was necessary to addapproximately 5.8% diesel fuel oil to the AN powder, thereby producingthe explosive commonly called ANFO. This material was loaded atrespective loading densities of 0.81 g/cc, 0.82 g/cc and 0.84 g/cc intoa 1 inch diameter steel pipe to form a charge primed with a 0.5 lb castbooster. The charges were evaluated for detonability using the confinedcritical diameter test. Point-to-point Velocity of Detonation (VOD)probes were attached to the last 6 inch sections of each pipe charge toserve as a detonation witness similar detonation test data. Theforegoing salt mixture was subjected to similar detonation tests, and itwas determined that the material did not detonate. Therefore thematerial “Passed” the detonation testing. Test data for other saltmixtures are summarized in the following Tables A through H.

TABLE A NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 89.00% Ammonium Nitrate 29.4 0 0.0 286 0.70%Potassium Nitrate 0.1 0 0.3 2 10.00% Ammonium Phosphate, 1.1 4.8 0.0 10Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.15% FoodColor, Blue Powder 0.0 0 0.0 0 100.00% 30.6 4.8 0.3 298 Btu/lb 128 TestSeries Not tested Total 100% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? Not tested.Total 56.30 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE B NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 72.00% Ammonium Nitrate 23.8 0.0 0.0 231 7.00%Potassium Nitrate 0.9 0.0 3.1 24 20.70% Ammonium Phosphate, 2.3 9.9 0.020 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 26.9 9.9 3.1 275 Btu/lb118 Test Series Not tested Total 92% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? NoTotal 52.06 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE C NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 72.00% Ammonium Nitrate 23.8 0.0 0.0 231 9.00%Potassium Nitrate 1.2 0.0 4.0 31 18.70% Ammonium Phosphate, 2.1 9.0 0.018 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 27.0 9.0 4.0 280 Btu/lb120 Test Series Fail Total 94% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? No Total53.00 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE D NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 53.50% Ammonium Nitrate 17.7 0.0 0.0 172 15.00%Potassium Nitrate 2.0 0.0 6.6 52 31.20% Ammonium Phosphate, 3.4 15.0 0.030 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 23.0 15.0 6.6 254 Btu/lb109 Test Series Fail Total 85% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? No Total47.99 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE E NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 52.00% Ammonium Nitrate 17.2 0.0 0.0 167 12.70%Potassium Nitrate 1.7 0.0 5.6 44 35.00% Ammonium Phosphate, 3.9 16.8 0.034 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 22.7 16.8 5.6 245 Btu/lb105 Test Series Not tested Total 82% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? NoTotal 46.27 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE F NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 52.00% Ammonium Nitrate 17.2 0.0 0.0 167 15.00%Potassium Nitrate 1.7 0.0 6.6 52 32.70% Ammonium Phosphate, 3.9 15.7 0.032 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 22.7 15.7 6.6 250 Btu/lb108 Test Series Not tested Total 84% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? NoTotal 47.35 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE G NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 51.00% Ammonium Nitrate 16.8 0.0 0.0 164 15.00%Potassium Nitrate 2.0 0.0 6.6 52 33.70% Ammonium Phosphate, 3.7 16.2 0.033 Monobasic 0.15% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.15%Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 22.5 16.2 6.6 248 Btu/lb107 Test Series Pass Total 83% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate? No Total46.93 Cooling Drop (Δ° F.)

TABLE H NPK Content Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Cooling % of blend (wt% Total (wt % Total (wt % Total Ability (by weight) Ingredient Blend)Blend) Blend) kJ/kg 66.00% Ammonium Nitrate 21.8 0.0 0.0 212 23.70%Potassium Chloride 3.1 0.0 10.4 82 10.00% Ammonium Phosphate, 1.1 4.80.0 10 Monobasic 0.225% Silicon Dioxide, Fumed Silica 0.0 0.0 0.0 00.075% Food Color, Blue Powder 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 100.00% 26.0 4.8 10.4 303Btu/lb 130 Test Series Pass Total 102% O.1: Cooling Percent Detonate?Pass Total 57.36 (Borderline explosive with Cooling weak effect whenmixed with Drop (Δ° F.) fuel oil)

It is thus apparent that the compositions of the present inventionaccomplish the principal objectives set forth above. Variousmodifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

We claim:
 1. A cooling agent composition comprising: anitrogen-containing salt material present in an amount ranging from 45%to 68% by weight of the composition exclusive of water or other liquid,the nitrogen-containing salt material including at least in partammonium nitrate; the nitrogen-containing salt material being exclusiveof phosphate salts; a phosphate salt including an amount of phosphatesufficient to stabilize the ammonium nitrate from detonation; and abalance of salts formulated to provide the composition with a coolingcapacity of at least 240 kJ/kg of the mixture.
 2. The salt mixture ofclaim 1, wherein the phosphate salt is monobasic ammonium phosphate. 3.The salt mixture of claim 2, wherein the ammonium nitrate is present inan amount greater than 50 wt %.
 4. The salt mixture of claim 1, whereinthe ammonium nitrate is present in an amount greater than 60 wt %. 5.The salt mixture of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing saltmaterial includes up to 15 wt % potassium nitrate.
 6. The salt mixtureof claim 1, further comprising less than 1 wt % fumed silica and lessthan 1 wt % of a coloring additive.
 7. The salt mixture of claim 1,wherein the balance of salts includes a chloride salt and provides themixture with a cooling capacity of at least 245 kJ/kg.
 8. The saltmixture of claim 1, wherein the balance of salts provides the mixturewith a cooling capacity of at least 250 kJ/kg.
 9. The salt mixture ofclaim 1, wherein the balance of salts provides the mixture with acooling capacity of at least 255 kJ/kg.
 10. In an evaporative coolingsystem, the improvement comprising: a salt-based cooling agentcomposition according to claim 1 in crystalized form on an evaporativesupport, the salt material having a capacity to provide an endothermiceffect to enhance cooling when mixed with water; means for mixing thecooling agent composition with water to provide the endothermic effect;and means for recycling the salt material for recrystallization on theevaporative support.
 11. The evaporative cooling system of claim 10,constructed and arranged for the cooling of a building area selectedfrom the group consisting of a house, a data center, a computer room,and an industrial facility.
 12. The evaporative cooling system of claim10, constructed and arranged as a cooling tower selected from the groupconsisting of a counterflow tower and a crossflow tower.
 13. Theevaporative cooling system of claim 10, constructed and arranged for thecooling of bearings on a solar wind turbine.
 14. The evaporative coolingsystem of claim 10, constructed and arranged for the cooling of a solarpanel.
 15. The evaporative cooling system of claim 10, wherein thecooling agent composition has a dual use as a fertilizer materialaccording to an industry recognized blend of NPK materials.
 16. A closedloop cooling system, comprising: a cooling agent composition accordingto claim 1; a mixing chamber operably configured for combining thecooling agent composition with water to provide coolant an endothermiceffect; refrigeration coils configured to receive coolant from themixing chamber and to discharge spent coolant after the coolant hascooled the refrigeration coils; and a plurality of membrane separationunits constructed as a closed-loop system utilizing a plurality ofmembrane separation technologies for recycle of the spent coolant toproduce discrete flow streams as recovered water and salt concentrate;and recycle pathways for introducing the discrete flow streams to themixing chamber.
 17. The evaporative cooling system of claim 16, whereinthe membrane separation technologies include forward osmosis incombination with a second membrane separation technology selected fromthe group consisting of ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis,nanofiltration, graphene, molecular sieve, and combinations thereof. 18.The evaporative cooling system of claim 17, wherein the second membraneseparation technology includes ultrafiltration.
 19. A wearable cold packcomprising: a wearable article of clothing formed with a reservoir forretention of liquid; and a cooling agent composition including a saltaccording to claim 1 mixed with water in the reservoir.
 20. The wearablecold pack of claim 19 constructed and arranged as an article selectedfrom the group consisting of a joint wrap, head wrap, neck wrap, and ashoulder wrap.
 21. The wearable cold pack of claim 19 constructed andarranged as of a helmet, neck wrap; personal cooling vest; personalcooling with cold fluid circulation; and a medical bandage.
 22. Thewearable cold pack of claim 19 constructed and arranged as one of aself-cooling can, self-cooling bottle; multi-pack beverage holder;medical instant cold pack; instant cold cooler with evaporative re-useof the salt; ice cream maker; bottle insert; keg; evaporative coolingunit; fishing tray; just-add-water cold pack; closed-loop refrigerator;instant slushy maker; flexible sports medical insert; cold therapy withcompression binding; vaccine/cold chain pack; personal cooling neckwrap; personal cooling vest; personal cooling with cold fluidcirculation for race car drivers; personal cooling with cold fluidcirculation for hazmat suits and the like; medical emergency cooling forIV administration; body temp, head trauma, or heat exhaustion oldcushions or pads for use in pools, sunbathing, wheelchairs, stadiums orother outdoor seating; boxed wine with instant cooling and equipped forevaporative reuse for second pour; trauma cold wraps for knees, leg,vest, blanket; bike helmet with comfort and/or emergency cooling; bootor shoe cooling inserts;
 23. In a closed loop refrigeration system, theimprovement comprising: a salt-based cooling agent composition accordingto claim 1 in concentrated form in a closed loop refrigeration cycle,the cooling agent composition having a capacity to provide anendothermic effect to enhance cooling when mixed with water; means formixing the cooling agent composition with water to provide theendothermic effect; means for recycling the salt material forrecrystallization by transfer across a membrane to remove excess water;means for drawing the excess water from the cooling agent through themembrane; and means for recovering the excess water for reuse by mixingthe water with concentrated cooling agent.
 24. The closed looprefrigeration system of claim 23, constructed and arranged for thecooling of a building area selected from the group consisting of ahouse, a data center, a computer room, and an industrial facility. 25.The closed loop refrigeration system of claim 23, constructed andarranged as a cooling tower selected from the group consisting of acounterflow tower and a crossflow tower.
 26. The closed looprefrigeration system of claim 23, constructed and arranged for thecooling of bearings on a solar wind turbine.
 27. The closed looprefrigeration system of claim 23, constructed and arranged for thecooling of a solar panel.
 28. The closed loop refrigeration system ofclaim 23, constructed and arranged for the cooling of food, beveragesand drugs medicines.
 29. The closed loop refrigeration system of claim23, wherein the cooling agent composition has a dual use as a fertilizermaterial according to an industry recognized blend of NPK materials. 30.In combination, an article of manufacture that contains the coolingagent composition of claim 1 as the coolant, wherein the article ofmanufacture is selected from the group consisting of: a self-coolingcan, self-cooling bottle; multi-pack beverage holder; medical instantcold pack; instant cold cooler with evaporative re-use of the salt; icecream maker; bottle insert; keg; evaporative cooling unit; fishing tray;just-add-water cold pack; closed-loop refrigerator; instant slushymaker; flexible sports medical insert; cold therapy with compressionbinding; vaccine/cold chain pack; personal cooling neck wrap; personalcooling vest; personal cooling with cold fluid circulation for race cardrivers; personal cooling with cold fluid circulation for hazmat suitsand the like; medical emergency cooling for IV administration; bodytemp, head trauma, or heat exhaustion; phase change material; datacenter with built-in cooling, brewery cooling with evaporative saltrecycle; wind turbine or other critical equipment with difficult toreach areas in need of cooling; solar panels cooling; aluminum forms forpouring and curing of concrete; food and beverage serving trays, bowls,mats, and pitchers; koozies for cans or bottles; cold cushions or padsfor use in pools, sunbathing, wheelchairs, stadiums or other outdoorseating; boxed wine with instant cooling and equipped for evaporativereuse for second pour; trauma cold wraps for knees, leg, vest, blanket;emergency facility cooling; bike helmet with comfort and/or emergencycooling; boot or shoe cooling inserts; shipping containers; rural orremote community coolers; coolant regeneration-crystallization setup;ice cream or smoothie in a cup; keeping ice cream colder for longerperiods of time, building cooling; vaccine storage with evaporativerecycle to provide perpetual cooling with no power source; and zeropower cooler.